Se trata de una medida excepcional en diplomacia, precedida de varios toques de atención, pero no implica el cierre de la legación ni la ruptura total de relaciones.
Venezuela ha decidido expulsar al embajador español en Caracas, Jesús Silva Fernández. La razón que ha esgrimido el Gobierno de Nicolás Maduro es que se han producido "continuas agresiones y recurrentes actos de injerencia en los asuntos internos" venezolanos desde nuestro país. Caracas llamó previamente ayer a consultas a su embajador en Madrid, en respuesta al último paquete de sanciones adoptado por la UE, que a su entender vienen en gran parte instigadas por el gabinete de Mariano Rajoy. Mañana, en el Consejo de Ministros, España se supone que va a adoptar la misma decisión, echar al embajador venezolano. Se tomarán "medidas de reciprocidad proporcionadas", "algo "similar", en palabras del ministro del ramo, Alfonso Dastis.
La expulsión de un jefe de legación es una medida "excepcional" en diplomacia, tal y como explican altos funcionarios de Exteriores. Un gesto duro en un mundo que funciona suavemente, con sutilezas, y no suele recurrir a lo grueso. Es un paso que se da en contadas ocaciones -España lo ha dado tres veces en esta última década, cuatro si contamos la represalia de mañana- y que supone una queja sonora contra el país en cuestión, aunque no implica ni el cierre de la embajada (que sigue prestando servicio a sus nacionales) ni la ruptura total de relaciones bilaterales (pese a que, obviamente, quedan muy resentidas por la pelea).
REUNIONES, LLAMADA A CONSULTAS, EXPULSIÓN
Como detallan estas mismas fuentes, se suelen dar varios pasos previos antes de la expulsión. Así, cuando hay algún problema entre estados, lo primero que se hace es convocar al Ministerio al embajador de turno para protestar. Esa es la primera señal de malestar entre dos países, un acto diplomático relativamente frecuente por el que se cita al embajador (a veces se empieza con un funcionario de menor rango) y se le traslada el malestar o la queja e incluso se le puede hacer entrega de algún documento formal.
Dentro de la escalada de tensión entre estados, luego se plantea la salida de funcionarios de la legación, por debajo del embajador. A veces, estas expulsiones no son sólo de aviso, sino que se producen por problemas concretos con esos trabajadores foráneos. Por ejemplo, en 2010 España sacó del país a dos empleados rusos por un caso de espionaje y en 1985 hizo lo propio con cuatro cubanos sospechosos de perseguir a un dirigente que iba a pedir asilo político.
Si se entiende que ha habido un "agotamiento del diálogo", es cuando se llama a consultas a un embajador. "El Estado acreditante hace viajar a su representante desde el país en el que está acreditado (Estado receptor) hasta su capital, con el objetivo de evacuar consultas con las autoridades", dice la definición de la escuela diplomática. Esta es una medida de protesta que utiliza el gobierno de un país ante la inconformidad por el tratamiento que otra nación le da a un problema determinado, una decisión de duración indefinida (de días a meses), un tiempo durante el que los ejecutivos tratan de buscar soluciones y un acercamiento.
(Puedes seguir leyendo tras la foto...).
Jesús Silva, el embajador de España en Venezuela, en una imagen tomada el pasado septiembre.Cristian Hernández / EFE
La embajada sigue funcionando en este tiempo, bajo la dirección del cónsul principal o el encargado de negocios, mientras el embajador llamado rinde desde su propio país informes sobre cómo se ha llegado a esta situación y qué se está haciendo para reconducirla. Cuando todo se entibia, el diplomático regresa al país en el que estaba destinado. Esto es lo que lleva pasando con relativa frecuencia en los últimos tiempos entre los embajadores de España y Venezuela, sobre todo cuando Maduro lanza andanadas contra Rajoy o el rey. No obstante, quizá el antecedente más sonado fue la llamada a consultas del embajador español en Rabat, ordenada en 2002 por el entonces presidente José María Aznar (PP) tras la toma del islote de Perejil por un grupo de militares de Marruecos.
Estas fuentes diplomáticas aclaran que si tampoco esto funciona se procede entonces a la expulsión del embajador, el punto en el que estamos ahora con Venezuela, un paso con un "enorme peso simbólico" por el que además se declara "persona non grata" al expulsado. La representación diplomática queda entonces en manos de un encargado de negocios o funcionario secundario. Se interpreta habitualmente como "un punto de no retorno", porque ya cualquier proceso de normalización que se quiera emprender tiene que pasar "inevitablemente" por la solicitud -y, lo más peliagudo, por la concesión- del plácet para un nuevo embajador. "Responder a una expulsión con otra expulsión es lo natural en estos casos", añaden.
Cuando se echa a los embajadores, es muy importante ver quién se queda a cargo de su oficina. Si se mantiene un funcionario relativamente alto y un número notable de trabajadores, la legación seguirá trabajando, aunque a menor ritmo. Sin embargo, en no pocas ocasiones, cuando se va el embajador se lleva a parte de su equipo de confianza, de la cúpula de la embajada, con lo que deja en casi nada la labor habitual, "que no pasará de los asuntos administrativos corrientes de la misión", es decir, la ayuda básica a sus nacionales y poco más. Por tanto, aunque no hay ruptura total de relaciones diplomáticas, "las relaciones bilaterales se quedan en un nivel mínimo", añaden estos diplomáticos.
Si se aprietan aún más las tuercas, los gobiernos pueden aprobar la suspensión de las actividades de la embajada del país con el que se pelea, una medida habitualmente temporal, o ir más allá, con la ruptura abierta de relaciones, que "comporta no solamente la completa cesación de la actividad de las misiones diplomáticas, sino también el cierre de esas misiones".
(Puedes seguir leyendo tras el vídeo...).
LOS ANTECEDENTES RECIENTES
Fue en septiembre pasado cuando se produjo la última expulsión de un embajador extranjero destinado en España. Se trató del representante de Corea del Norte, Kim Hyok Chol. Tras meses en los que España se quejó por los ensayos nucleares y lanzamientos de misiles del régimen de Pyongyang, cada vez más cercanos por ejemplo a intereses de EEUU, Madrid decidió primero reducir el número de diplomáticos de la Embajada y después fue cuando echó al diplomático; había sido además el encargado de abrir la legación y justo estaba a punto de cumplir sus cuatro años habituales de misión. La medida fue muy aplaudida en Washington, en la Casa Blanca de Donald Trump.
Las otras dos expulsiones más recientes fueron las de los representantes de Libia y Siria. En junio de 2011, el Gobierno de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero expulsó al embajador libio en Madrid, Ajeli Abdussalam Ali Breni, en protesta por la represión que ejercía el régimen de Muamar el Gadafi sobre su población, en los inicios de la primavera. Por su parte, en mayo de 2012 Rajoy decidió expulsar al entonces embajador sirio, Hussam Edin Aaala, tras una matanza perpetrada por el ejercito de Bachar El Assad en Hula (Homs), en la que murieron 108 personas; 49 eran niños.
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A woman casts her ballot for the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as late President Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and vice president, is running against oppo...
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Opposition presidential candidate Henrique Capriles speaks during a news conference in Caracas, Venezuela, Saturday, April 13, 2013. Capriles is running against ruling party candidate and acting President Nicolas Maduro in Sunday's special presi...
Venezuela's interim President Nicolas Maduro attends a ceremony marking the Day of the National Revolutionary Militia, also called Bolivarian militias, in Caracas, Venezuela, Saturday, April 13, 2013. The Bolivarian Militia is a force of volunte...
Residents look for their name on the voters list outside a polling station to vote in presidential elections in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as late President Hugo Chavez's foreig...
Residents sit as they wait on line to vote in the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as late President Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and vice president, is run...
Residents look for their names on voters lists outside a polling station during the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late Hugo Chavez's foreign ministe...
A voter has her finger marked with ink after casting her ballot in the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as late President Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and v...
Residents wait in line outside a polling station during the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and vice president, is...
A voter gets directions from a soldier on where to cast his ballot in the presidential election at a polling station in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late Hugo Chavez's fore...
Residents wait outside a polling station during the presidential election in the San Agustin neighborhood of Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late Hugo Chavez's foreign ministe...
A presidential guard soldier shows his finger marked with ink after voting in the presidential election at a polling station in Caracas, Venezuela, Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late Hugo Chavez's fo...
A soldier wearing protective gear waits with civilians to cast his vote in the presidential election at a polling station in Caracas, Venezuela, Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late Hugo Chavez's forei...
Residents wait to enter a polling station where a nearby wall is covered with a mural of interim President Nicolas Maduro during the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who...
Election workers wait for voters at a polling station during the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and vice presiden...
Residents wait in line to enter a polling station to vote in the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late President Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and vic...
Residents wait in line to enter a polling station during the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late President Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and vice pr...
Residents wait in line to enter a polling station during the presidential election in Caracas, Venezuela, early Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as the late President Hugo Chavez's foreign minister and vice pr...
Venezuelans carrying their nation's flag walk to their consulate to vote in their country's presidential election in Havana, Cuba, Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President Nicolas Maduro, who served as late President Hugo Chavez's foreign minis...
Voters Angel Alciro Castillo, left, Jose Luis Rodriguez and Aquiles Meo, who arrived by bus from Miami, along with others from throughout the southeastern United States, wait in line to vote at the New Orleans Venezuelan consulate's hosted natio...
Venezuelan Mariangel Rosa, 5, flashes a heart symbol to journalists as she walks to the Venezuelan consulate with adults who will vote there during their country's presidential election in Havana, Cuba, Sunday, April 14, 2013. Interim President ...
People visit the tomb of Venezuelas late President Hugo Chavez at the Military Museum in Caracas, Venezuela, Saturday, April 13, 2013. Just over a month after Chavez succumbed to cancer, Venezuelans will line up to vote Sunday for a new leader...
Voters brave the rain as they arrive by bus from Miami and throughout the southeastern United States to wait in line to vote at the New Orleans Venezuelan consulate's hosted national election at the Pontchartrain Center in Kenner, La., Sunday, A...