La muerte del afroamericano Rayshard Brooks hace cinco días en Georgia (EEUU) ha desatado un nuevo debate sobre las pistolas que dan descargas eléctricas, creadas supuestamente para rebajar la tensión en confrontaciones pero que pueden tener el efecto contrario.
Esas armas no funcionaron en el caso de Brooks, al que dos policías blancos intentaron reducir con descargas antes de que uno de ellos le disparara por la espalda.
Estas son las claves de la nueva polémica sobre estas armas:
¿Qué ocurrió en el caso de Rayshard Brooks?
Rayshard Brooks, de 27 años, estaba durmiendo en su vehículo en el aparcamiento de un restaurante de comida rápida de la cadena Wendy’s, cuando dos policías blancos le hicieron un test de alcoholemia que dio positivo.
Como había bebido, Brooks se ofreció a dejar allí el vehículo y caminar hasta la casa de su hermana, pero los agentes decidieron arrestarle.
Brooks forcejeó con los policías y ellos le dieron descargas eléctricas son sus pistolas, ante lo que Brooks reaccionó agarrando uno de esos aparatos. Salió corriendo y lanzó descargas a uno de los agentes que casi al mismo tiempo sacó su arma de fuego y disparó.
Su muerte se produce en medio de una ola de indignación, que provocó multitudinarias protestas tras el fallecimiento el 25 de mayo de otro hombre afroamericano, George Floyd, asfixiado por un agente blanco.
¿Cómo funcionan las pistolas eléctricas?
Las pistolas dan descargas eléctricas de hasta 50.000 voltios, que provocan contracciones de los músculos e inmovilizan al sujeto.
Hay dos formas de usarlas: directamente sobre la persona a corta distancia o, si está lejos, la pistola lanza dos dardos punzantes con forma de anzuelo que están conectados por cables y que, al agarrarse al individuo, forman un circuito cerrado y dan la descarga, dice a Efe el profesor Dennis Kenney de la universidad John Jay en Manhattan.
“Lo que ocurre es que los músculos se congelan y la persona se cae al suelo porque no puede controlar sus movimientos. Obviamente, cuando se retira la mano del gatillo el voltaje se detiene y poco a poco la persona puede recuperar el control”, explica Kenney.
Las pistolas son conocidas como “Taser” por su fabricante Axon Enterprise, antes con el nombre Taser International, y que eligió este nombre por las siglas de una novela de 1911 titulada “Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle” (Tom Swift y su rifle eléctrico, en español).
¿Por qué se utilizan?
Axon Enterprise anuncia las pistolas como “armas inteligentes” que sirven supuestamente para rebajar la tensión en confrontaciones entre la policía y un sospechoso.
La idea es que una descarga eléctrica es preferible a un disparo y la compañía asegura que su uso ha servido para “salvar” a 234.744 personas de la muerte o de una herida grave, un dato que la empresa ofrece basándose en estudios internos pero que no ha sido corroborado externamente.
Lo que sí han mostrado otros estudios es que estos aparatos sirven para proteger a los propios agentes, de acuerdo al Foro Ejecutivo de Investigación Policial (PERF, en inglés), que agrupa a jefes de policía de las principales ciudades de EEUU.
Una auditoría de PERF de 2009 mostró que las heridas de los policías descendieron un 76% durante la primera mitad del siglo XXI en todos aquellos departamentos que habían empezado a usar esos aparatos.
¿Pueden provocar la muerte?
Un estudio de 2011 del Departamento de Justicia, elaborado bajo el Gobierno del presidente Barack Obama (2009-2017), avisó de que 200 estadounidenses habían muerto después de haber sido electrocutados y que seis de ellos fallecieron al golpearse la cabeza después de perder el control de sus músculos.
De acuerdo a ese estudio, un “ciclo” de descargas dura cinco segundos y no suele provocar daños permanentes, aunque hay más riesgo para quienes padecen enfermedades cardiacas o mentales. El peligro aumenta cuando se superan los 15 segundos de descargas y a los 40 pueden provocar fallos en el corazón y la muerte.
En su último estudio de 2012, Amnistía Internacional (AI) estimó que 500 personas habían muerto en EEUU por las pistolas eléctricas y avisó de que el mayor número de decesos se produjo en los estados de California (92), Florida (65) y Texas (37).
¿Se emplean en otros países?
LA ONG Libertades Civiles para Europa aseguró en 2018 que policías de 107 países, incluidos Canadá, Brasil y Reino Unido, usan estas armas.
Su principal fabricante, Axon Enterprise, afirma que las ha vendido a 700.000 “profesionales” de la seguridad pública en todo el mundo, aunque no especifica en qué países.
Amnistía Internacional ha alertado de su uso en niños en EEUU, mientras que el Comité Contra la Tortura de la ONU en 2007 expresó preocupación por la posibilidad de que puedan emplearse para torturar a detenidos.
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LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 01: Protesters take part in a 'Black Lives Matter' demonstration on June 01, 2020 in London, England. Protests and riots continue across American following the death of George Floyd, who died after being restrained by Minn...
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En redes: Protestas contra el racismo en EEUU